Options for Business Majors Majoring in Marketing

Marketing is the art of promoting products or services in a way that appeals to consumers. Marketing professionals are the backbone of a successful business organization that wants to be successful in their industry. Business students who major in marketing can graduate with knowledge that is in demand in the business field.   Marketing Coursework Business majors who specialize in marketing usually take courses that focus on advertising, merchandising, promotion, statistical analysis, and mathematics. They learn how to successfully develop a marketing plan best promote new and existing products and services to consumers. Marketing majors also study market research, which is the research and analysis of the target market (who you are selling to), competition (who is selling a similar product or service), and the effectiveness of particular marketing strategies.   Education Requirements for Marketing Professionals Educational requirements for business majors who want to work in the field of marketing vary depending on the type of organization and industry the student is interested in working in upon graduation. For example, a Fortune 500 company may have more stringent requirements for marketing professionals than a small business. Certain jobs, such as marketing manager, may also require more education that entry-level jobs, such as marketing assistant.   Types of Marketing Degrees As mentioned earlier, marketing degrees are available at nearly every level of education. Specific types of marketing degrees include: Associate Degrees  - An associate degree in marketing usually takes about two years to earn. This degree is best suited for individuals who want to qualify for entry-level marketing jobs but dont want to commit to a four-year bachelors degree program.  Bachelors Degrees  - A bachelor degree is typically a four-year degree (though there are accelerated three-year programs available). This degree is also suited for marketing majors who want to pursue entry-level positions within the marketing field. In some cases, a bachelors degree may be suitable for more advanced positions like marketing manager.  Masters Degrees  - A masters degree is a graduate-level degree program for individuals who have already earned a bachelors degree and want to gain more knowledge in their current field or a related field. If you didnt major in marketing in your undergraduate program, you may still be able to major in marketing in a masters program - different schools have different requirements. Most masters degrees take two years to complete. This degree is best suited for individuals who are seeking advanced managerial, research, and analysts positions in the marketing field.  Doctoral Degrees  - A doctorate is the most advanced marketing degree that can be earned. Most marketing professionals will not go this far in their education. Doctorate programs can be more difficult to get into, particularly at good schools. Program length can vary, but you should plan on several years of study if you decide to pursue this graduate level degree. After earning a doctoral degree, you will be prepared for the most advanced positions in the marketing field, including positions in postsecondary teaching.   Many schools also allow students to specialize in a particular type of marketing. For example, some degree programs focus on things like international marketing or digital marketing. How to Find a Marketing Program Marketing is a very popular option for business majors, which means that finding a marketing program shouldnt be too difficult. Most colleges and universities offer some type of marketing program for undergraduate students. Graduate schools, including business schools, also have marketing programs for business majors who are earning a masters or doctorate degree. There are also schools that go beyond degree programs and offer marketing certificate programs and individual  marketing courses for business majors. Jobs for Marketing Majors The type of job that can be obtained after graduation from a marketing program will depend upon the degree that was obtained. Some of the most common job titles in the marketing field  include marketing assistant, marketing manager, and marketing research analyst.

Individualized Medical Nutrition Therapy For Adolescents...

Individualized Medical Nutrition Therapy for Adolescents with Type I Diabetes: A Possible Means to Improve Self-management of the Disease Danielle R. O’Reggio-Christopher Rutgers School of Nursing NURS 6060, Clinical Inquiry for Evidence Based Practice Professor A. Forrester October 10, 2015 Introduction Type 1 Diabetes affects large numbers of children and adolescents nationwide. Gan, Albanese-O’Neil and Haller (2012) describe Type 1 diabetes (T1D) as: â€Å"an autoimmune disease mediated by a combination of genetic and environmental triggers resulting in lymphocytic infiltration of pancreatic islets, destruction of beta cells, and lifelong dependency on exogenous insulin. Although T1D is prevalent (1 in 300) and its incidence is steadily increasing worldwide (3% per year), the exact gene-environment interactions precipitating the disease remain unknown.† (p. 269) The occurrence of disease in a family is itself, taxing, both emotionally and financially; adding another element of the disease being incurable and requiring life-long treatment, and the propensity for negative coping behaviors in both the patient and family, and ineffective self-management of the disease, is high. Interest in this topic came about from the view that the probability of a primary care Family-practice DNP clinician treating and managing patients with this disease, is relatively high. Gan et al. (2012) solidified this perception by stating that, â€Å"Living with T1D isShow MoreRelatedPatients With Impaired Glucose Tolerance2168 Words   |  9 Pagesdeveloping type 2 diabetes. Consumption of sugar-sweetened drinks in excess is associated with an increased risk. The type of fats in the diet is also important, with saturated fats and trans fatty acids increasing the risk and polyunsaturated and rnonounsaturated fat decreasing the risk. Eating lots of white rice appears to also play a role in increasing risk. Nutrition recommendations for a healthy lifestyle for the general public are also appropriate for persons with type 2 diabetes. Because manyRead MoreRunning Head:Integrating Registered Dietitian Physician3261 Words   |  14 Pagespositions, and many other health professionals from different specialties. The team-based approach is a very important health intervention for several reasons. One reason would be that this approach has approach has been proved to reduce the number of medical errors and increase patient safety (Morey et al., 2002). Teamwork also means there is not one single person responsible for the individual patient’s health. This is spread amongst an entire staff of health care workers, which has led to not only theRead MoreEssay on Diabetes3246 Words   |  13 PagesDiabetes Diabetes is a killer; in fact, it is among the top ten killers of adults in the United States. It can lead to, or contribute to, a number of other serious diseases (Sizer and Whitney 112). Diabetes means syphon or to run through (Sizer and Whitney 112) therefore denoting the increase in urinary volume excreted by people suffering from this disease. Mellitus means sweet. Diabetes mellitus means increased excretion of sugars being released with the urine, creating a sweet smellRead MoreCase Study Endocrine Essay6536 Words   |  27 PagesI. INTRODUCTION Diabetes is a chronic condition involving glucose in the blood. It is caused  by a problem in the way the body makes or uses insulin. Insulin, a hormone that is necessary for glucose to move from the blood to the inside of the cells. The body cannot use the insulin for energy if it cannot get into the cells. Diabetes occurs when the body has too much  blood glucose due to either the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or the body cannot effectively use the insulin produced. InRead MoreMedical Test with Answers Essay example16933 Words   |  68 Pageshas a nasogastric tube to suction, oxygen per nasal cannula, and complains of dry mouth. Which action should the nurse implement? A. Put petroleum jelly on the lips and around the nasogastric tube. B. Allow the client to drink water and record on the I and O record. C. Offer the client ice chips and instruct client to spit out the water. D. Apply a water soluble lubricant to the lips, oral mucosa and nares. Correct To ease the clients discomfort, a water soluble lubricant to the lips and nares assistsRead MoreCommunity Health Nursing Final Exam Study Guide Essay15874 Words   |  64 Pagesthey being treated with medications or therapies to overcome some of these issues? These things will bring them to a state of having a higher quality of life. They are less likely to hold down jobs (i.e. schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression). Some of these cause a break with reality. Very individualized. Medication management; wrap around services. They can help link with resources. Assessments to take a look at evaluation piece. Are the therapies working for them and making them the bestRead MoreComprehensive 1 Essay18452 Words   |  74 Pagesa nasogastric tube to suction, oxygen per nasal cannula, and complains of dry mouth. Which action should the nurse implement? A.   Put petroleum jelly on the lips and around the nasogastric tube. B.   Allow the client to drink water and record on the I and O record. C.   Offer the client ice chips and instruct client to spit out the water. D.   Apply a water soluble lubricant to the lips, oral mucosa and nares.  Correct To ease the clients discomfort, a water soluble lubricant to the lips and nares assistsRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesI 111TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 3962 To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OCTOBER 29, 2009 Mr. DINGELL (for himself, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. WAXMAN, Mr. GEORGE MILLER of California, Mr. STARK, Mr. PALLONE, and Mr. ANDREWS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on EducationRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesbetter study smarter save money From multiple study paths, to self-assessment, to a wealth of interactive visual and audio resources, WileyPLUS gives you everything you need to personalize the teaching and learning experience.  » F i n d o u t h ow t o M A K E I T YO U R S  » www.wileyplus.com ALL THE HELP, RESOURCES, AND PERSONAL SUPPORT YOU AND YOUR STUDENTS NEED! 2-Minute Tutorials and all of the resources you your students need to get started www.wileyplus.com/firstday Student

Pollution Waste and People Free Essays

Cleaning up our town Our rivers and lakes are polluted. That’s because people throw litter everywhere they want, factories dump their industrial waste near lakes and rivers. If people pollute our ground, everything will go to groundwater and we can’t drink that, nor can we swim in our body of waters. We will write a custom essay sample on Pollution: Waste and People or any similar topic only for you Order Now We have to do something. Firstly we should organise a clean up campaign. We have to encourage people, that volunteering is good. If we get together many people, we can clean up rivers, lakes, and sides of the roads. When we are done with that, we have to put put more rubbish bins. In that way less litter will occur in water. Secondly, we could fine factories that dump indusrtial waste into lakes and rivers. Factores won’t throw their wastes everywhere they want, but in places where that waste don’t harm nature. In that way water pollution will decrease and we can enjoy cleaner water. If local people and industry work together we all can clean up our lakes and rivers. After working together we can swim and use the water again. Parandatud: Our rivers and lakes are polluted. That’s  because people throw litter everywhere they want, factories dump their industrial waste near lakes and rivers. If people pollute our ground, everything will go to groundwater and we can’t drink that, nor can we swim in our  body  of waters. We have to do something. Firstly,  we should organise a clean up campaign. We have to encourage  people that  volunteering is good. If we get together many people, we can clean up rivers, lakes, and sides of the roads. When we  are done with  that, we  have  to  put put  more rubbish bins. In that way less litter will occur in water. Secondly, we could fine factories that dump  indusrtial  waste into lakes and rivers. Factores won’t throw their wastes everywhere they want, but in places where that waste  don’t  harm nature. In that way water pollution will decrease and we  can  enjoy cleaner water. If local people and industry work together,  we all  can  clean up our lakes and rivers. After working together,we  can  swim and use the water again. How to cite Pollution: Waste and People, Papers

Neoclassicism vs Romanticism Essay Example For Students

Neoclassicism vs Romanticism Essay Neoclassicism Romanticism (17809181 Neoclassicism, sass: Neoclassical pieces generally portrayed Roman history; they elevated Roman heroes. During the sass was an Age of Reason and through its history paintings, its works were modes for conveying the Enlightenment ideals. Many of the pieces, like the Oath of the Horntail, are reactions to the revolutions of their time. This piece is a call to arms, which shows that man is great and can be in control. Pieces during the Neoclassical time show a heightened contemplative moment like the one in this piece. Characteristics: -brought back and depicted Roman history formal composition -the use of diagonals shows the apex of emotion/moment (versus a regular moment) local color -overall lighting -classic ego-structure -completed canvas Romanticism, sass-sass: Unlike Neoclassicism, Romanticism was during the Age of Passion; there was no time for contemplation, so pieces generally showed emotional extremes. Romanticism is a reaction to the classical, contemplative nature of Neoclassical pieces. Romanticism celebrated the elemental forces of nature, depicting nature as out of control. When the uncontrollable nature is compared to life, it makes people think life should be uncontrollable; life should be continuously on the edge. Shows the height of action -emotional extremes -celebrated nature as out of control -dramatic compositions -heightened sensation (life and death moments) Works: Neoclassicism in France: Ad ©l ¤did Labile-Guard, Self-portrait with Two Pupils, 1785 Jacques Louis-David, Oath of the Horntail, 1784-1785 Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures, 1785 Romanticism: Antoine-Jean Gross, Napoleon in the Plague House at Gaff, 1804 Jean-Augusta Dominique Ingress, Large Odalisque, 1814 Ad ©l ¤did Labile-Guard, Self-portrait with Two Pupils, 1785, Oil on Canvas pastel colors, delicately curving forms, dainty figures and a light-hearted mood French portrait painting before the French Revolution of 1789, like this piece, may be characterized as a modified form of Rococo; elegant informality continued to be featured, but new themes were introduced, figures tended to be larger and more robust and compositional arrangements were more stable -Labile-Guard was elected to one of the four places in the French Academy available to women and later successfully petitioned to end the restriction on women -this work is often seen as a orphanage piece that argues for the place of women in the Academy -the monumental image of the artist at her easel was meant to eradicate any rumors that men painted her works and the works of other female artists; for example, in a role reversal, the only male in her work is her muse her father, whose bust is behind her -the self-portrait flatters the painters conventional feminine charms in a manner generally consistent with the Rococo tradition; she has a more monumental female type, in keeping wi th her conception of women as important contributors to national fife, which is an Enlightenment aspiration; the triangular arrangement of the figures adds to this effect -the work also shows a rich palette and fine detail -the artists fashionable dress asserts her femininity; the presence of her pupils and the statue of the Vestal Virgin in the background emphasize the feminist mood (and show that women can and should be teachers) in ancient Rome, the Vestal virgins were the holy priestesses of Vests, the goddess of the hearth; their primary task was to maintain the sacred fire of Vests the Vestal duty brought great honor and afforded greater privileges to women who served in that role Jacques Louis-David, Oath of the Horntail, 1784-1785, Oil on Canvas -royal commission -reflects the taste and values of Louis XVI who was sympathetic to the Enlightenment -following Doters lead, the king believed art should improve public morals -the painting was inspired by the seventeenth century drama Horace Roman history = Rome v. .ub89db7328bb557497527c49ea79752c0 , .ub89db7328bb557497527c49ea79752c0 .postImageUrl , .ub89db7328bb557497527c49ea79752c0 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; 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vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub89db7328bb557497527c49ea79752c0:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Pre-Romanticism EssayAlba (sons of Horace fight for Rome) -in the painting, the Horntail (three sons of Horace) are shown with their father, pledging an oath to the State -in contrast to the upright muscular angularity of the men is a group of limp weeping women and righted children sad due to probability of death, but also because of the womens involvement with the enemy (through marriage, etc) women = weak -the composition effectively contrasts the mens stoic willingness to sacrifice themselves for the State with the womens emotional commitment to family ties -composition is a classical pyramid (geometric/structural divided into three compartments) -David wants the rev olution call to arms -painting extols antique virtues of stoicism -vanishing point at the sword symbolic -goes back to Roman history with morality tales everything adds up to the thesis standing up for your beliefs (moral courage) women = the counterargument; looking for a Just government -during the Age of Reason, the world could be known through study and a painter could paint a rational painting that could change the world -areas of local color draw the viewer across the canvas Angelica Kauffmann, Cornelia Pointing to her Children as Her Treasures, 1785, Oil on Canvas -for an English patron -Neoclassical history painting, subjects drawn from classical antiquity (Age of Reason, contemplation) -the story takes place in the second century BCC, during the Republican era of Rome (Roman history) -a woman visitor has been showing Cornelia her Jewels and then requests to see those of her hostess; Cornelia turns to her sons and says that these are her most precious Jewels -Cornelia exemplifies the good mother (popular subject in late eighteenth century) -in the reforming spirit of the Enlightenment depicted subjects that would teach lessons in virtue (didactic paintings) -the value of Carnelians maternal education is emphasized by the fact that under her loving care the sons grew up to be political reformers -setting = simple like the message), but the effect of the whole is softened by the warm, subdued lighting and by the tranquil grace of the leading characters Antoine-Jean Gross, Napoleon in the Plague House at Gaff, 1804, Oil on Canvas chronicled Napoleons military campaigns -added Romantic elements: dramatic lighting, emotionally stimulating elements, main action is meant to incite veneration, not republican virtue at the center o f a small group of soldiers and a doctor, Napoleon calmly reaches toward the sores of one of the victims, the image of a Christ-like figure healing the sick with his touch, unconsciously intended to promote him as semi-divine (Gross paints the gore = Romantic) -idealized account of an actual incident: During Napoleons campaign against the Turks in 1799, bubonic plague broke out among his troops. Napoleon decided to quiet the fears of the healthy by visiting the sick and dying, who were housed in a converted mosque -shallow stage and a series of arcades behind the main actors are inspired by Davits Oath of the Horntail Jean-Augusta Dominique Ingress, Large Odalisque, 1814, Oil on Canvas -odalisque: a female slave or concubine in a sultans harem (sexual fantasy repressed) -body urine away from the masters gaze makes her erotic and aloof -the cool blues of the couch and the curtain at the right heighten the effect of the womans warm skin, while the tight angularity of the crumpled sheets accentuates the languid, sensual contours of her form -fluid line/elegant postures = Neoclassical -Romantic themes = odalisque in a highly personal fashion, her body is not anatomically correct, but is aesthetically pleasing -fascination with the exotic exploration French discover exotic near East during Napoleons campaigns commissioned by the Queen of Naples -concerned with the line, not r emaining true to form

Andrew Johnsons Presidential essays

Andrew Johnson's Presidential essays Andrew Johnson became president in 1829. He became a Greenville alderman along with a tanner and a plaster. Andrew Johnson was the first president to be impeached, and he became chief exeutive upon the assisination of Abraham Lincoln. At the end of the Civil War, Johnson inherited a wartime dispute between Lincoln and congress over how to treat the South after the war. A lot of Republicans in congress opposed Johnson's views, but the senate failed, by one vote, to remove Johnson from office. Throughout his life and his presidentcy, Johnson aroused either strong support or fierce dislike. Some people view him as an unfit leader who was to generous to the southerners after the war. Some people also portrayed him as a leader of universal vision who accurately saw the harsh treatment of the southern states would increase divisions in the Union. Scholars believe Johnson's acquittal in the impeachment trial preserved the independance of the presidency. In 1835, the voters elected him to the Tennessee House of Representive. He opposed a bill for state assistance in the construction of railroads because he feared dishonesty, and waistful spending. Many northerners questioned Johnson's plan, especially after the begining of 1866. They doubted the fitness of the southern states because of reports of violence against blacks and their white supporters, the passing of laws unfair to blacks, and the frequent election of former Confederate leaders. When congress met in December 1865, they rejected plan and would not seat newly elected southern congressmen, and some congressman criticized Johnson's plan. His impeachment had long been a goal of the radicals. On Feburary 24,1868 the House of Representitves voted 126 to 47 to impeach Johnson. On March 5,1868 the senate organized itself as a court to hear the impeachment. At the trial on March 13,1868 the galleries buzzed with spectators. ...

Jonathan Edwards essays

Jonathan Edwards essays Puritans wanted to purify the Church of England and live a life dedicated to the church. These were the people who were first to arrive to America to escape religious persecution. Jonathan Edwards the author and preacher of from sinners in the Hands of an Angry god was a preacher in the mid 1700s was part of the religious great awakening to bring the puritan people back to their old ways. Edwards uses two different tones a tone of fear to begin with, then a tone of hope to help manipulate his audience or reader. Edwardss use of fear makes the audience pay attention and scares them into believing that they will all be going into hell, That world of misery, that lake of burning brimstone, is extended abroad under you. There is the dreadful pit of the glowing flames of the wrath of god; there is hells wide gaping mouth open(98). This sense that is extended to the audience gives them a terrible picture that is burned into their minds about where they will go if they continue to live there lives the same way they are. This image is of a dark and despair place that people can only fear and is almost unreal in how horrible it is, The god that holds you over the pit of hell; much as one holds a spider, or some loathsome insect over a fire, abhors you and is dreadfully provoked(100). God is shown here to hold your afterlife in his hands and you are at his mercy and how he doesnt care much for anyone, as they have done nothing for him to make god care. Edwards use of fear and despair puts an image o f hell and scares the audience into going with what he says. Edwards tone changes from fear to an optimistic attitude with hope for the audiences afterlives, And now you have an extraordinary opportunity, a day wherein Christ has thrown the door of mercy wide open and stands in calling and crying with a loud voice too poor sinners(101). This optimistic ou...

Consumer needs, motivation, behavior, and decision making processes Research Paper

Consumer needs, motivation, behavior, and decision making processes relevant to cough medicine strips - Research Paper Example Some types of cough are caused by bacterial infection like Pertussis that can cause a serious breathing problem in infants. Coughs are mainly caused due to hygiene problems. Cough caused by smoking, pneumonia, chronic bronchitis, emphysema and asthma should be treated well with the consult of doctor. Middle class consumer behavior towards cough medicine is very general. They either avoid medicines for cough or purchase a combination of drug which has various treatments in one. But cough medicines like guaifenesin are very harmful for body. Before purchasing cough medicines for children, certain thing should always be the kept into consideration. One of the major uses of cough medicine containing noscapine is that it helps in controlling birth and growth of tumor of prostate cancer (Illions, Deena, â€Å"Study shows further benefits of noscapine for prostate cancer†). Cough suppression can cause many problems in a human life like airway obstruction, hypoxemia, secretion and secondary infection. Whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis can be a reason behind permanent disability and even some time death of infants. This disease is also easily spreadable an can cause epidemics (Articles Base, â€Å"Whooping Cough-Cause, Symptoms and Treatment†). Consumer needs among middle class states that medicines should be cost effective and can treat many diseases at once. But this belief is not fruitful. They also think that cold is a self treated diseases and it does not need any treatment. If the situation gets worse, they prefer to have the counter medicine treatment. The middle class populace can be motivated through educational activities and advertisements in television and news papers about the side effects of cough and why it is important to treat cough and that of doctor’s consultancy. It should explain the side

Cognitive social psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Cognitive social psychology - Essay Example These conflicts have academically necessitated the study of social psychology to the study of conflict by highlighting the inter-group activities like undercurrents in the society. Along with the societal change, social psychological research too changes and it is important to find the variables in the altering framework that might lead to conflict, prejudice, hatred, fellow-feeling, their increase or sometimes their reduction etc., because social psychology invariably reflects the inherent cultural and political processes that shape the collective relations. Study of the prejudiced personality comes from the deep-seated inflexibility of thought and attitude, rigidity in thinking terms of white and black and inability to see the colors in between the two. Authoritarian Personality theory and Dogmatic Personality theory account for this. In recent years, such deep-rooted theories of segregating people according to race, color, ethnicity and generalizing their psychology have been successfully challenged and the modern psychological concepts and methods of intergroup relations and individualized psychological approaches have become more and more pronounced. "Because they are fundamental to our cognitive architecture, cognitive social theorists argue that categories and stereotypes are difficult to alter and may sometimes be applied in an automatic and unreflexive manner. Research on so-called implicit prejudice has been described as one of the most important recent developments in the social psychology of intergroup processes" (book 1). Conventionally prejudice was measured by explicit and implicit expressions of bias and prejudice, although this perspective is not admired any more for the simple reason that prejudice need not be expressed all the time; but still could be part of a person's mental makeup. Also showing random photos or flashing images of people belonging to other races and cultures need not bring out the deep-seated anger or despise and according to aversive racism theory 'aversive racists consciously sympathizes with the victims of historical injustice and support racial equality'. The group-based approaches of Sherif and Tajfel are more connected with the mob mentality like that of Northern Ireland, where during a funeral procession two British soldiers were killed by the mourning mob and the event got telecasted showing the psychology behind the gory incident as graphic proof of mob's brutality as a result of compulsion to retaliate and friction between ingroup and outgroup members of the mob, braying for violence without any particular pattern while going through a very strong sense of group identity bordering to momentarily dominating social identity that might not linger for a long time in the same group, because in social psychology, stereotypes do not last for long. It is really important here to know the friction between individual psychology and collective psychology that might give way to organized struggles and not just mob fury. "Thus, one cannot begin to understand the emergence of political conflict in places such as Northern Ireland, Palestine and apartheid South Africa without also understanding how struggles to redefine identity have been nurtured by a growing sense of the illegitimacy and vulnerability of the social hierarchy" (book one).

The War against Terrorism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

The War against Terrorism - Essay Example United States has primarily used its military in the fight against terrorism. Military is the final frontier of fight for every nation when every other alternative has been used and exhausted. The use of military in the fight against a faceless enemy was not justified. The fight against terrorism requires much more than brute force which the military is capable of delivering the war on terror should have been fought by USA with the help of intelligence agencies and backchannel diplomacy and not by parading the US military strength in nation after nation. This paper will analyze the above thesis statement and try to prove its validity. THE NATURE OF WAR The first important thing to note about this was on terror is that this war is unlike any other which has been fought in the human history. It is not a war against a nation or a political regime; it is certainly not a war against a particular religion. The enemy in this war is terrorism – premeditated violence against innocent citizens who do not have the ability to fight back when they are attacked. People engaging in terrorism want to effect change through violence and fear; they want to subvert the rule of law and the idea of freedom. As there is no one enemy in this war; the war cannot be won by United States only on the basis of military might. The war is to be fought using every instrument of national power – diplomatic, economic, intelligence and military.... As there is no one enemy in this war; the war cannot be won by United States only on the basis of military might. The war is to be fought using every instrument of national power – diplomatic, economic, intelligence and military. This war is against a faceless enemy (Mukasey). The biggest danger in this war is that using too much military might may create much more enemies then it will destroy; so it is a war in which diplomacy has and will play a very important role ; military alone cannot win the war. STRUCTURE OF TERRORITS ORGANISATIONS AND ROLE OF MILITARY. As is the case in any war, the key to success is to know your enemy. Once the enemy is known to us, we can decide on the methods to be used in fighting him. Terrorist organizations did not start with Al Qaeda nor will the end with it. Although terrorist organizations are different in the way they operate and the reasons for which they have undertaken terrorist activities they still follow a basic model which allows them to succeed. At the bottom of the terrorist structure are the underlying conditions. These are the basic reasons why people are ready to blow themselves up as suicide bombers. These underlying reasons may be political, poverty, lack of education and proper knowledge or anger against the state or a particular group. Without these underlying conditions there will be no terrorists. People who are aggrieved or wronged in the past are most likely to become terrorists. Poverty also propels some people to terrorism. However people who are in terrorism for the sake of money usually provide the logistics such as safe houses and money transfers. The foot soldiers of

Impacts of media violence on violence against women

Impacts of media violence on violence against women Media Violence as a Causal Agent for Violence Against Women Through Desensitization, Reinforcement of Gender Roles for Women, and Social Learning Theory. Media Violence as a Causal Agent for Violence Against Women Through Desensitization, Gender Roles of Women, and Social Learning Theory In the span of about one century the western world has made significant strides to amend the discrepancy in equality between women and men (Crow Gotell, 2004). Beginning with the first wave of feminism in the nineteenth and early twentieth century, the official rights of women were sought and established, resulting in important and favourable amendments to the existing legislation, such as womens right to vote (Johnson-Odim, 1991). Nonetheless, inequalities between women and men were not confined to court documents and legislation, rather they extended further into the community (Johnson-Odim, 1991). As a response to this the second wave of feminism took precedence to address unofficial, social issues including those related to sexuality, the workplace, and reproductive rights (Johnson-Odim, 1991). Yet, and despite the contributions made by both movements, several issues remain on the changing and diverse identity of women (Crow Gotell, 2004).In response to this, the third wave of feminism was dedicated to refuting the notion of a universal female identity and instead prioritizing diversity among women (Crow Gotell, 2004). Ultimately, however, the forms of violence and aggression toward women have evolved, become more subtle and implicit, but equally unjust (Rice, 2005). That is, although womens rights and freedom are made present on the surface, there continues to be questionable events that threaten the dignity of women (Rice, 2005). Specifically, popular media has played a significant role in facilitating, as well as perpetuating, violence against women (Bocock, 2006). With liberalism becoming more adamant in western culture, the visual depictions of women to capitalize on products and services has become normalized (Bocock, 2006). As a result, women are often directly associated with sex and sexuality, completely negating the rest of their being (Bocock, 2006). Currently, there is a large body of research dedicated to exploring the relationship between violent media and aggression, but few studies have been done to specifically address the transition between exposure to violent media and committing acts of violence towards women (Ferguson, San Miguel, Hartley, 2009). Because this issue is still a relative novelty, it is important to be cognoscente of extra variables that influence violence towards women in real life, all of which should be considered and weighed. However, the intent of this review is to decons truct the ways in which violence in the media, specifically in television, can facilitate and perpetuate violence towards women in real life. The type of real life violence under consideration focuses on physical and sexual violence, as well as negative stereotypes and attitudes about women. Although several perspectives and paradigms can be used to explain the contributions to violence towards women, this review will detail the mechanisms of psychological desensitization, reinforcement of womens gender roles, and social learning theory to analyze the role of violent media as a contributing factor in violence towards women. To begin, and as aforementioned, the exploration of the relationship between media violence and real life violence is not a new subject, rather an ongoing quest to further break down the phenomenon. A common reoccurrence is the issue of media violence and the desensitization of traits that allow us to associate inappropriate acts with human suffering (Fanti, Vanman, Henrich, Avraamides 2009). Fanti et al (2009) define desensitization as diminished emotional responses to a negative or adverse stimulus after repeated exposure to it. Essentially, repeated exposure to media violence can habituate adverse reactions, voiding a persons innate and natural negative response when viewing violence (Fanti et al, 2009). One plausible explanation for the way desensitization works is that exposure to violent media eliminates inhibitions to violence, which in turn may foster pro-violence attitudes and lower empathic responses (Fanti et al, 2009). This proposal further confirmed by Fanti et al (2009 ) in their empirical study, in which they exposed young adults to violent or comedic television clips. They hypothesized that repeated exposure to violent media would not only lower the empathic responses of participants, but also increase their levels of enjoyment when watching violent media (Fanti et al, 2009). Ultimately, their study showed that desensitization to media violence can occur after repeated exposure to media violence, and that these results can be seen in a short-term period (i.e. desensitization does not need extensive time to develop) (Fanti et al, 2009). In addition the researchers found that with repeated exposure to violent media not only was the psychological impact and sympathy of the participants reduced, but they reported an increased enjoyment of viewing violent media (Fanti et al, 2009). To further strengthen their results, the researchers were also able to discount existing personality traits (i.e. aggressive individuals) as being correlated with desensit ization (Fanti et al, 2009). However, there is an extensive body of research that counters the argument that media is accountable for violence, and instead analyzes other factors that have a heavier contribution to anti-social acts like violence. To illustrate this, a study by Ferguson et al (2009) looked at 603 youths in Texas, half of which were male and half female. Their aim was to evaluate the multiple variables that are associated with violent behaviour in youth (Ferguson et al, 2009). They found that in comparison to exposure to violent television, the most influential factors on the existence of aggressive behaviour were: delinquent peer influences, anti-social personality traits, depression or depressed mood, and parents or guardians who use psychological abuse in their personal relationships (Ferguson et al, 2009). These results undermine the argument, as proposed by Fanti et al (2009), that violence in the media is the most influential agent in desensitization, leading to violent real-life behaviour by the viewer. Although it is certainly important to consider the multivariate relationship linked with acts of violence or aggression it is important to acknowledge how detrimental violent media can be. The argument that violent media can desensitize individuals and disinhibit their violent impulses or behaviour can be supported within a biological framework (Strenziok, 2010). In a study by Strenziok et al (2010) 37 healthy male participants were tested to analyze the relationship between their exposure to media violence and left orbitofrontal cortex density (LOFC) as mediated by synaptic pruning. Because the orbitofrontal cortex is responsible for important regulatory functions, such as decision-making, social adjustment, and inhibition, any changes that occur in the cortex as a result of pruning can have significant effects (Strenziok et al, 2010). When synaptic pruning occurs the process happens within context (Strenziok et al, 2010). That is, the en vironment plays a major role in selecting which neuronal connections will be pruned and which will be maintained (Strenziok et al, 2010). Strenziuok et al (2010) found that there was a negative correlation between exposure to violent media and left orbitofrontal cortex density. Their findings suggest that media violence can facilitate synaptic pruning in the LOFC, which then short-circuits/decreases neuronal connectionsultimately disrupting normal orbitofrontal cortex functions and allowing for anti-social violent behaviour (Strenziok et al, 2010). Furthermore, the desensitization process and the serving biological functions can be applicable to violence towards women. In a society that upholds equality, freedom, and rights as priorities, there continues to be sensationalized displays violence in the media. One study aimed to examine the effects of repeated exposure to sexually violent films on emotional desensitization toward victims of domestic violence and abuse within sample of 138 males. (Mullin Linz, 1995). The results showed a decrease in emotional response, physiological arousal, and ratings of how sexually violent the films were with repeated film exposure (Mullin Linz, 1995). These statistically significant results were relative to the results of the control group, and lasted for three days. That is, when re-evaluated three days after the initial experiment, the results remained static (Mullin Linz, 1995). However, it is important to also acknowledge that these results did not extend further than three days (Mullin Linz, 1995). When tested again five days after the initial experiment, participants baseline responses were restored, essentially suggesting that the effects of sexually violent films were only maintained for a limited and short-term period (Mulling Linz, 1995). The authors suggest that the results may reflect a lack of ecological validity in the study, since exposure to violent media is longer and more continuous over time compared t o exposure in a clinical setting (Mullin Linz, 1995). What this implies then, is that in a real life setting these results may be inapplicable and possibly irrelevant to violence towards women. Above differential perspective, what this study ultimately supports is the existence of a strong relationship between exposure to gender-based, sexually violent films and overall desensitization (Mullin Linz, 1995). Lastly, a study by Linz and Adams (1989) measured physiological desensitization (i.e. heart rate) and its relation to cognitive, affective, and attitudinal components of desensitization. Participants were exposed to either a videotape depicting violence against women or a videotape of non-violent, but exciting content (Linz Adams, 1989). Then all participants watched video clips of violence towards a woman, with a male as the aggressor (Linz Adams, 1989). Linz and Adams (1989) found that heart rates of participants in the violent videotape condition were lower during the final 90 seconds of each violent video clip compared to the control group. In addition, participants in the violent videotape condition attributed less injury to the female victims portrayed in the media in comparison to the control group (Linz Adams, 1989). To further delineate the contrast between the experimental and control conditions, the control condition experience significant increases in hostility, anxiety, and depression during the violent video clips- a testament of their adverse responses to and disapproval of violent media (Linz Adams, 1989). Ultimately, based on the growing body of literature on violence and media, there is significant evidence to support the role of exposure to violent media and its facilitation of real life violence, as it pertains to women. Such evidence not only addresses sociological perspectives of desensitization, but also provides psychophysiological support to explain the biological processes that enable such a relationship. Because humans tend to be swayed from and influenced by several variables, it is important to further analyze sociopsychological and cultural variables in the relationship between media violence and women. Specifically, gender norms and roles as they relate to women will be discussed in the context of media and real life violence. Although these roles and norms are an integral part of our identity beginning from birth, one must consider the unanticipated consequences. Often times with such social and cultural standards there runs a risk of placing individuals into very concise and finite societal niches, which may be difficult to break free from. For example, in western societies, the moment a baby is born he or she is often assigned a colour, according to gender appropriateness, be it pink or blue. The process of socialization begins from the moment an infant is introduced into society. From that moment onward, the child is brought up to meet societal and cultural standard of correc t ways of being, according to their sex. Unfortunately, this strenuous and confining process is difficult to stray away from, and individuals who attempt to establish themselves as persons first, rather than male or female, often experience disapproval, backlash, and even social isolation. In addition, the role of the media has been another influential means by which to enforce norms and roles in western worlds. Specifically, recent literature has proposed arguments that violent media reinforces the self-image of women in accordance with gender roles, and can even foster intra-female real life violence. What this implies then is that not only is violence towards women a reality, but that women themselves are now engaging in their own demise and contributing to the same hegemony that oppresses them. Although it was traditionally understood within the scientific realm that aggression is primarily related to males, and that aggression is singular in nature (i.e. direct, physical), rece nt literature is debunking this claim. Specifically, indirect aggression, which is not physical or explicit, in female-female relationships has take centre stage (Bjorkqvist, 1994). In theory, there is no reason to suggest that women are as violent as men, considering their physical ability. In reality, however, women have adapted to this difference by using indirect hostility and aggression by way of verbal and social manipulative (e.g. spreading rumours, excluding peers, etc) acts as a means of being violent ( Bjorkqvist, 1994, Cote, 2007). Bjorkqvist (1994) suggests that this indirect aggression can even be considered more sophisticated and powerful than conventional aggression (i.e. physical) because the aggressor is able to harm another person without being identified. However, the nature of aggression displayed by women and men cannot be solely attributed to biological or physiological differences. Social and cultural variables, and their influence on learning help perpetuate these modes of aggression (Bjorkqvist, 1994). With violent media being so pervasive and omnipresent, particularly as it relates to women, it is important to explore its effects on real life actions. Ringrose (2006) examines the way in which media sensationalizes indirect violence, now being referred to as the mean girl phenomenon and the implications it brings forth. This novelty depiction of women poses a bilateral problem, in that aggression is often synonymous with power but remains as a type of behaviour frowned upon in women. For example, Gonick(2004) proposes that the stereotypical vulnerable girl has now been replaced by the mean girl in the public eye. What would be ideal is to avoid polarizing womens behaviour, or homogenizing them into black or white categories, figuratively speaking. Nonetheless, what is ideal is rarely reality. Although the recent creation of the mean girl in the media appears to provide equality between women and men, as it provides an over reactive res ponse and antidote to the idea that women are nurturing and not aggressive, there a are serious side effects to this new sensation (Gonick, 2004). The pervasive presence of this construction of the mean girl in the media is now redefining normal behaviour for women and girls, allowing femininity and aggressive behaviour to be re-pathologized (Ringrose, 2006). Now that popular media, specifically televised and print media, is disguising indirect female-female aggression behind the facade of female empowerment, a new template of appropriate girl and women behaviour is being inherited by newer generations. The media often portrays indirect violent behaviour as exciting, dramatic, sexy, and especially as a marker of status and power. For example, feature films such as Mean Girls and Thirteen glorify indirect and relational aggression, depicting relating such behaviour to physical attractiveness, popularity, and success. Not only are such media positing that such behaviour is appealing a nd even glamorous, but is also negates all other equally important aspects of existence, such as stable family relationships, and a breadth of education. In addition to assigning indirect aggression as a vehicle of power, violent media also sets up such aggression to take place in female to female social relationships. It is often said that a civilization destroys itself from within rather than being conquered by outsiders and the western female population exemplifies this heuristic. That is, because violent media sensationalizes indirect aggression in female-female relationships, the integrity with which women relate and identify with one another is compromised. As such, this population is left vulnerable and more susceptible to patriarchal standards of life, and is once again turned into a commodity that can be regulated according to trends and demands. A study by Lavin and Cash (2000) demonstrates the complex relationship between violent media portrayals of women and real life in direct aggression in female-female interactions. They conducted an experimental study to break down and examine the effects of mass media and womens body-image experiences (Lavin Cash, 2000). In this study 66 college women were made to listen to one of two audio tapes: one containing information on the subject of appearance stereotyping and discrimination and the other containing information on television violence aggression (control condition) (Lavin Cash, 2000). At the conclusion of their study they found that although neither condition differed in the altered mood of the participants, exposure to t he appearance-related condition versus the control condition yielded significantly less favourable body-image evaluations (Lavin Cash, 2000). The results, produced by Ten Visual Analogues Scales and the 14-Item Appearance Schemas Inventory, demonstrate the ways in which western media showcases beauty and physical attractiveness in conjunction with covert and overt social benefits (L avin cash, 2000). In addition, the violent media often depict strong associations between beauty and desirable traits. That is, women are learning that beauty is good, and that is it the most important factor in leading a fulfilling life is the virtue of beauty. Because of this trend in the media of using womens physicality as commodities and means to capitalize and turn a profit, women become more invested in their aesthetic selves. In turn, women who have deep psychological investments with their self aesthetics become more susceptible to adverse social events, such as negative feedback about their weight or comparison cues (Lavin Cash, 2000). Such events become critical experiences, and pose the possibility of increased body dissatisfaction. For example, the images of dismembered women in print ads are rampant. What is meant by dismemberment is that only parts of womens bodies are used to sell a product of service. A good illustration of this is the prototypical beer print ad, in which the only thing visible is a womans torso with specific attention paid to the bust, followed by a posing hand holding a beer bottle. Such media pays no attention to the woman in question, rather reduces her to specific anatomical parts, in total disconnection to her individual self. In fact, a face is not only unnecessarily in such violent media, but is also obstructive because violence is more acceptable when identity is unknown (CITATION). Ultimately, violent media not only encourages and portrays indirect aggression as a means of power and representation of status, but also regulates its usage in womens relationships with one another, such that women become active participants in their own oppression and violence. To add to this, women also internalize their roles in western society as portrayed by the media. That is, women begin to see themselves and their bodies in terms of their sexual and aesthetic worth, disregarding other important aspects of their lives. Clearly, t he role of violent media cannot be ignored in light of the consequences it brings. This is not to imply that violent media the sole cause of such effects, as there are other variables to consider. There is a significant amount of research that supports the argument that exposure to violence and aggression enacted in parental relationships in the home have the most significant impact on violence inRather, the aforementioned information should be used to support the significant contributions and influences between violent media and violence towards women. Another mechanism by which violence in the media influences violence in real life violence is through the social learning theory. Bandura (1978) defines the social learning theory as a process in which people learn new behaviours by observing the behaviours of others, and assessing the benefits of exhibiting that behaviour to determine whether the behaviour will be sustained over time. That is, if the behaviour in question results in positive outcomes, then the observer is more likely to display this behaviour (Bandura, 1978)

The Legacy of Russia and the Soviet Union - Authoritarian and Repressiv

The Legacy of Russia and the Soviet Union - Authoritarian and Repressive Traditions that Refuse to Die There circulated such a Soviet political anecdote: The ghost of Nicolas II visited Brezhnev to inquire about the conditions of his Mother Russia, only to be told that nothing had changed since his reign except for that the vodka was now 20 percent instead of 15. Shocked, the dead czar exclaimed: "I lost my head only for that 5 percent difference?" This was, of course, only a humorous exaggeration, a case of political satire. Yet beneath the humor, there lies a very profound testament to the belief that Russia's political culture has been inherited from its czarist days and manifested throughout its subsequent development. The traditions from the pre-Revolution and pre-1921 Russia, it seems, had left its brand on the 70-years of Communist rule. The Soviet communism system was at once a foreign import from Germany and a Russian creation: "on the one hand it is international and a world phenomenon; on the other hand it is national and Russian†¦it was Russian history which determined its limits and shaped its character." (Berdyaev, "Origin") Historically, Russia has always been a country of perplexing dualities. The reality of Dual Russia, the separation of the official culture from that of the common people, persisted after the Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War. The Czarist Russia was at once modernized and backward: St. Petersburg and Moscow stood as the highly developed industrial centers of the country and two of the capitals of Europe, yet the overwhelming majority of the population were subsistent farms who lived on mir; French was the official language and the elites were highly literate, yet 82% of the populati... ...oved to be singularly influential and daunting. This is, perhaps, the greatest obstacles to achieving true democracy in Russia—the authoritarian and repressive traditions that refuse to die out with the passage of time. Works Cited Berdyaev, Nicolas. The Origin of Russian Communism. London: Saunders, 1937. Cohen, Stephen. Rethinking the Soviet Experience. New York: Oxford University Press, 1986. Fitzpatrick, Sheila. The Russian Revolution. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. Hosking, Jeoffery. The First Socialist Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993. Tucker, Robert C. "The Mortal Danger". Course Reader for World Culture: Russia Since 1917. New York University, Spring 2001. Tucker, Robert C. "Stalinism as Revolution from Above". Stalinism. Edited by Robert C. Tucker. New York: American Council of Learned Societies, 1999.